- Example of research paper using secondary data in dissertation, mla style research paper cover page 9/7/ · Secondary data is the data which is collected previously by someone else other than the researcher, Common sources of secondary data for social science include surveys, censuses, research Estimated Reading Time: 5 mins QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PAPER 45 research problem. For example, the purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of the use of synthetic marijuana use among preteens which will lead to a prevention and intervention model to be used in community centers citywide. Significance of the Study
(PDF) RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION | Usman Munir - blogger.com
To browse Academia. edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser, example of research paper using secondary data pdf.
Skip to main content. edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF. Usman Munir. Godfred Annum PhD. Leann Delos Reyes. Sande Hassan. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. READ Example of research paper using secondary data pdf. They are the tools for data collection, example of research paper using secondary data pdf.
They include Questionnaire, Interview, Observation and Reading. Essentially the researcher must ensure that the instrument chosen is valid and reliable. The validity and reliability of any research project depends to a large extent on the appropriateness of the instruments.
Whatever procedure one uses to collect data, it must be critically examined to check the extent to which it is likely to give you the expected results. This is a systematically prepared form or document with a set of questions deliberately designed to elicit responses from respondents or research informants for the purpose of collecting data or information.
The answers provided by the respondents constitute the data for the report. The effective use of questionnaire for data collection depends on the mode of formulation and administration of the questions, the example of research paper using secondary data pdf of delivering the questionnaire and the method example of research paper using secondary data pdf contacting respondents for retrieval of the questionnaire.
These modes affect the credibility and quality of the data obtained. Note that the respondent is not under any obligation to respond to the questionnaire. The respondent therefore has to be influenced in order to submit accurate data to the questions administered. Read more for some expect strategies. Questionnaires Types of Questionnaires Questionnaires may be designed as Structured or closed form unstructured, open ended form Structured questionnaires They are those in which some control or guidance is given for the answer.
Questions that require yes or no answers are also termed as Dichotomous questions. It may, also be multiple choice options from which the respondent selects the answer closer to their own opinion. The respondent's choices are limited to the set of options provided.
The respondent frames and supplies the answer to the question raised in the questionnaire. It also constitute questions which give the respondent an opportunity to express his or her opinions from a set of options.
Spaces are often provided for respondents to make their inputs. Interviews Interviews become necessary when researchers feel the need to meet face-to-face with individuals to interact and generate ideas in a discourse that borders on mutual interest. It is an interaction in which oral questions are posed by the interviewer to elicit oral response from the interviewee.
Specifically with research interviews, the researcher has to identify a potential source of information, and structure the interaction in a manner that will bring out relevant information from his respondent.
The creation of a cordial atmosphere is therefore vital to the success of such an interaction. Apart from face-to-face interviews, they can also be conducted over the phone or the computer terminal via video conferencing technology. Interviews range from formal to less formal example of research paper using secondary data pdf to completely informal interviews. There are four main kinds of interview: a the structured interview; b the unstructured interview; c the non-directive interview; and d the focus interview.
Structured Interviews The Structured Interviews are formal because, sets of questions known as interview questionnaire are posed to each interviewee visited and the responses are recorded on a standardized schedule.
It is therefore characterised as being a closed interview situation. In structured interview, the interviewer follows a set pattern usually adhering as much as possible to the order of questions on the interview questionnaire whilst posing example of research paper using secondary data pdf questions in a formal manner. Interviewers must always ensure that the atmosphere of an interview is congenial to establish interviewer-interviewee rapport. Unstructured Interview The Unstructured Interview is the less formal type in which although sets of questions may be used, the interviewer freely modifies the sequence of questions, changes the wording and sometimes explains them or adds to them during the interaction.
Hence the researcher has to be careful in order not to deviate from his focus. The atmosphere is often casual. This is conducted in what is characterised as an opened situation because there is more flexibility and freedom in the interaction.
Non-Directive Interview The Non-Directive Interview or the unguided gives excessive freedom for the respondent to express his or her ideas subjectively and spontaneously as she chooses or is able to. There are no set questions in this style. It is the most appropriate type of interview to use when investigating issues where the respondent has to be allowed to talk uninterrupted on a very broad topic which will unconsciously reveal personal motives, feelings, attitudes etc.
This method is used by researchers to render the non-directive interview more interviewer control with the use of verbal cues that serve as a stimulus to inspire respondents to volunteer more information on the subject. As the story unfolds the researcher can hum in approval of what the respondent submits or chip in a stimulating question to encourage the flow of the conversation.
Transcribing Audio-visual recordings on mediums example of research paper using secondary data pdf CD's and DVD's have become major sources of soft data which researchers rely on during data collection. Other sources include you-tube. Such soft data and those recorded from verbal interaction with respondents during interviews have to be transcribed.
convert the speech sound into words as accurately as possible. This is an essential tool in linguistics where recorded speech is systematically represented in a specific language. A message in a written text from a particular language can also be transcribed into a new language.
This is often described as translation. Transcription must be made from the original recordings of any speech or interview. Even though interviews are always dotted with non-verbal communication such as hand, face and body gestures, they must not influence the transcription in anyway.
Observation The study of photographs, videotapes, tape recordings, art objects, computer software and films fall within this type of data collection procedure. The procedure should be unobtrusive to enable informants to share their reality directly with researchers.
It is creative and captures attention visually. The presence of a photographer or the video technician may be intrusive and influence responses. Observation is one of the very important methods for obtaining comprehensive data in qualitative research especially when a composite of both oral and visual data become vital to the research, example of research paper using secondary data pdf. A researcher obviously needs an audio-visual recorder for a complete collection of such comprehensive record.
By the use of observation strategy, researchers are able to obtain first hand information about objects, and eventful happenings like durbar and festivals. The possibility of distorting facts and records are reduced to the barest minimum, example of research paper using secondary data pdf.
Fine artists, industrial artists and graphic designers employ sketching as they observe nature to collect data in design-based research.
With this instrument, the researcher may become a 1. Participant observer or 2. Non-participant observer. Even though he is seen by the subjects of the study, he conceals his real identity as a researcher. By this approach the researcher gets firsthand experience with informants. This is the type of observation which deals with covert investigation for which information may be sensitive and informants may feel uncomfortable to disclose.
Non-Participant Observer: In this approach the researcher does not live as a member of the subjects of the study.
The researcher watches the subjects of his or her study, with their knowledge of his status as a researcher, but without taking an active part in the situation under study. This approach is sometimes criticized on the grounds that the very fact of their being observed may lead people to behave indifferently, example of research paper using secondary data pdf, thus invalidating the data obtained.
Reading of Documents Although reading is more to do with literature review, it is also an instrument for studying public documents such as newspapers, minutes of meetings and private documents such as letters, biographies and diaries to enable the researcher obtain the language and words of informants who may not be alive at the time of the research. The limitation or difficulty in this approach is that the documents may be protected and researchers may not have access to them either because they are national security documents or confidential documents.
Letters and diaries can also be studied at both the researcher and the informant's convenience. Related Papers. By paul liberty muchemwa. MINI RESEARCH IMPROVING ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILL THROUGH ROLE PLAY. By Eko Marlianto. Thesis 2. By Rhex Baron. Trent focus for research and development in primary health care: Using interviews in a research project.
By Amanda Hunn. Using interviews in a research project. Download pdf. Log In with Facebook Log In with Google Sign Up with Apple. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. About Press Blog People Papers Job Board Advertise We're Hiring!
DATA COLLECTION TOOLS In Research Methodology - Primary and secondary Data - Urdu and Hindi - PDF -
, time: 11:09Example of research paper using secondary data in dissertation
Example Of Research Paper Using Secondary Data Pdf, unit 4 linear equations homework 11 linear equation word problems answers, if i had a magic stick essay, short essay about coffee lovers for etsy shop Using Excel and SPS in a Major Research Paper For a successful Major Research Paper, reliable and accurately analyzed statistics are essential 3/10/ · The data discussed in this secondary analysis was collected as part of a pilot test in two cities, Kolkata and Hyderabad, India. The analysis that will be part of this thesis will help determine how well EMA, in conjunction with other survey data collected during this study, is able to report people’s perceptions of their tobacco environments 6/13/ · Using Secondary Data. There are some important things that must be done before using secondary data in an analysis. Since the researcher did not collect the data, it's important for them to become familiar with the data set: how the data was collected, what the response categories are for each question, whether or not weights need to be applied during the analysis, whether or not clusters or
No comments:
Post a Comment